A2 · Elementary · German · 11 min
Talking about the past: Perfekt
The Perfekt is the past form people use most in conversation. It has two parts: a present form of haben or sein, and a participle at the end of the clause.
What you will practice
- Build a Perfekt sentence with the participle at the end.
- Choose haben or sein for common verbs.
- Recognize the regular participle pattern.
Explanation
Two parts
A regular conversation about the past uses the Perfekt: Ich habe gestern gelernt. The conjugated verb stays in second position, and the participle goes to the end. That order matters. Ich gelernt habe is not the sentence pattern.
haben or sein
Most verbs take haben: lernen, machen, kaufen, essen. sein is for movement from one place to another and for a change of state. Learn these with sein: gehen, fahren, kommen, bleiben, and werden. sein itself also takes sein: Ich bin krank gewesen. For the everyday movement verbs, memorize the auxiliary with the verb.
| Verb | Auxiliary | Participle |
|---|---|---|
| lernen | haben | gelernt |
| kaufen | haben | gekauft |
| gehen | sein | gegangen |
| kommen | sein | gekommen |
The participle
A regular participle starts with ge- and ends in -t: gelernt, gemacht, gekauft. Strong verbs often end in -en and may change the vowel: gegangen, gesehen. A verb with an inseparable prefix such as be- does not add ge-: bezahlt, as in Ich habe bezahlt.
Examples
- Ich habe gestern gelernt.I studied yesterday.
- Sie ist nach Hause gegangen.She went home.
- Wir haben Brot gekauft.We bought bread.
- Er ist spät gekommen.He came late.
- Ich habe bezahlt.I paid.
Common mistakes
- Ich habe nach Hause gegangen uses the wrong auxiliary. Movement here takes sein: Ich bin nach Hause gegangen.
- Do not leave the participle next to the auxiliary in a main clause. It belongs at the end.
Practice
Your result
This lesson is free practice. It does not award a CEFR certificate.
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